New research underscores forests’ vital role in the global battle against climate change. Between 2001 and 2019, forests absorbed approximately twice as much carbon dioxide as they emitted, sequestering a net 7.6 billion metric tonnes of CO₂ annually. This makes forests a critical “carbon sink,” offsetting a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions.
A Dynamic Carbon Exchange
Unlike other sectors where carbon emissions are largely one-way, forests act as a “two-way highway.” They absorb CO₂ while standing or regrowing but release it when cleared or degraded. This delicate balance highlights the urgency of protecting existing forests while promoting sustainable management practices.
Tropical Rainforests: Critical Yet Fragile
Tropical rainforests, including the Amazon, Congo and Southeast Asian regions are indispensable carbon sinks. However, unsustainable agricultural practices, fires and deforestation threaten their ability to sequester carbon. The Congo rainforest remains the strongest net carbon sink, absorbing 600 million metric tonnes more CO₂ annually than it emits—equivalent to one-third of the CO₂ emissions from all U.S. transportation.
Globally, 27% of the forest carbon sink is located within protected areas. These zones, including indigenous reserves, are essential for maintaining forests’ ability to absorb CO₂. For example, Brazil’s Menkragnotí indigenous reserve absorbs 10 million metric tonnes of CO₂ more than it emits annually, demonstrating the effectiveness of conservation efforts.
In managed forests, carbon flux depends heavily on sustainable practices. By carefully controlling harvest cycles and allowing regrowth, managed forests can remain net carbon sinks. However, logging in primary forests releases centuries-old CO₂ stores, making their protection crucial for climate mitigation.
Protecting Forests for a Sustainable Future
Forests that have grown over the last 19 years contribute less than 5% to the global carbon sink, emphasizing the importance of preserving mature forests. Protecting these ecosystems is the most effective strategy to combat climate change while fostering biodiversity and ecosystem health.
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